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- | ====== Tutorial - THz GaAs/AlGaAs (Fathololoumi) ====== | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Summary ===== | ||
- | |||
- | This tutorial is based on the following publication. | ||
- | |||
- | ''[Fathololoumi2012]''\\ | ||
- | [[http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.003866|Terahertz quantum cascade lasers operating up to ~200 K with optimized oscillator strength and improved injection tunneling]]\\ | ||
- | S. Fathololoumi, E. Dupont, C.W.I. Chan, Z.R. Wasilewski, S.R. Laframboise, D. Ban, A. Mátyás, C. Jirauschek, Q. Hu, H. C. Liu\\ | ||
- | Optics Express 20, 3866 (2012) | ||
- | |||
- | This article describes an AlGaAs/GaAs THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) operating at around 2.6 to 3.22 THz. | ||
- | The corresonding input file is called\\ | ||
- | ''THz_QCL_GaAs_AlGaAs_Fathololoumi_OptExpress2012_10K-MEDIUM.xml''. | ||
- | |||
- | Note that we also provide an input file called\\ | ||
- | ''THz_QCL_GaAs_AlGaAs_Fathololoumi_OptExpress2012_10K-FAST.xml'' | ||
- | which is faster but does not produce accurate result. | ||
- | This "**fast**" file is only intended to show the user how to run a "quick" simulation. | ||
- | The results shown here correspond to the "**medium**" file. | ||
- | |||
- | ===== Simulation details ===== | ||
- | |||
- | We simulate the structure at a temperature of 10 K. | ||
- | <code> | ||
- | <Temperature unit="K"> 10 </Temperature> | ||
- | </code> | ||
- | |||
- | |||
- | ==== Device definition ==== | ||
- | |||
- | First, the well and barrier materials have to be defined. | ||
- | |||
- | <code> | ||
- | <Material_Well> | ||
- | <name> GaAs </name> <!-- GaAs --> | ||
- | </Material_Well> | ||
- | |||
- | <Material_Barrier> | ||
- | <name> Al(x)Ga(1-x)As </name> <!-- Al(x)Ga(1-x)As --> | ||
- | <Alloy_Composition> 0.15 </Alloy_Composition> <!-- x, i.e. Al0.15Ga0.85As --> | ||
- | </Material_Barrier> | ||
- | </code> | ||
- | |||
- | Then, alternating layers consisting of barrier and well have to be specified. | ||
- | |||
- | <code> | ||
- | <Layer> <!-- #1 --> | ||
- | <Barrier_Thickness unit="nm"> 4.1 </Barrier_Thickness> | ||
- | < Well_Thickness unit="nm"> 16.0 </ Well_Thickness> | ||
- | </Layer> | ||
- | |||
- | <Layer> <!-- #2 --> | ||
- | <Barrier_Thickness unit="nm"> 4.3 </Barrier_Thickness> | ||
- | < Well_Thickness unit="nm"> 8.9 </ Well_Thickness> | ||
- | </Layer> | ||
- | |||
- | <Layer> <!-- #3 --> | ||
- | <Barrier_Thickness unit="nm"> 2.46 </Barrier_Thickness> | ||
- | < Well_Thickness unit="nm"> 8.15 </ Well_Thickness> | ||
- | </Layer> | ||
- | </code> | ||
- | |||
- | The resulting conduction band edge profile can be found in the file called ''Band-Edge_vs_position.dat''. | ||
- | This file includes the band bending due to the electrostatic potential. | ||
- | At a bias voltage of 54 mV per period, it looks as follows. | ||
- | |||
- | <figure> | ||
- | ;#; | ||
- | <dataplot xlabel="Position (nm)" ylabel="Energy (eV)" ylegends="Conduction band edge at 12.3 kV/cm"> | ||
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- | 4.6 5.6233553826254e+27 | ||
- | 4.8 5.938790935326e+27 | ||
- | 5 6.2371459625719e+27 | ||
- | 5.2 6.5212170027833e+27 | ||
- | 5.4 6.7931263214249e+27 | ||
- | 5.6 7.0545320806019e+27 | ||
- | 5.8 7.3067614955154e+27 | ||
- | 6 7.5508989889201e+27 | ||
- | 6.2 7.7878467542437e+27 | ||
- | 6.4 8.0183677319037e+27 | ||
- | 6.6 8.2431170245994e+27 | ||
- | 6.8 8.4626655389527e+27 | ||
- | 7 8.6775183372705e+27 | ||
- | 7.2 8.8881294104693e+27 | ||
- | 7.4 9.0949141333057e+27 | ||
- | 7.6 9.2982604325952e+27 | ||
- | 7.8 9.4985396507599e+27 | ||
- | 8 9.6961182428315e+27 | ||
- | 8.2 9.8913719122031e+27 | ||
- | 8.4 1.0084704851113e+28 | ||
- | 8.6 1.0276579124344e+28 | ||
- | 8.8 1.0467564886685e+28 | ||
- | 9 1.0658437163041e+28 | ||
- | 9.2 1.0850391994684e+28 | ||
- | 9.4 1.104564350423e+28 | ||
- | 9.6 1.124984127174e+28 | ||
- | 9.8 1.1512129308502e+28 | ||
- | 10 5.832613854467e+27 | ||
- | 10.2 -5.7147249229296e+22 | ||
- | 10.4 -4.9596044711296e+22 | ||
- | 10.6 -4.2969072824105e+22 | ||
- | 10.8 -3.7168746797997e+22 | ||
- | 11 -3.2103955279151e+22 | ||
- | 11.2 -2.7690689268744e+22 | ||
- | 11.4 -2.3852280889996e+22 | ||
- | 11.6 -2.0519366473135e+22 | ||
- | 11.8 -1.7629646924061e+22 | ||
- | 12 -1.5127510806083e+22 | ||
- | 12.2 -1.2963572590525e+22 | ||
- | 12.4 -1.1094166442479e+22 | ||
- | 12.6 -9.4808253920204e+21 | ||
- | 12.8 -8.0897670381919e+21 | ||
- | 13 -6.8914000041869e+21 | ||
- | 13.2 -5.8598600180276e+21 | ||
- | 13.4 -4.9725804771795e+21 | ||
- | 13.6 -4.2098993932773e+21 | ||
- | 13.8 -3.5547024314741e+21 | ||
- | 14 -2.9921000802968e+21 | ||
- | 14.2 -2.5091354881204e+21 | ||
- | 14.4 -2.0945176938479e+21 | ||
- | 14.6 -1.7383718904734e+21 | ||
- | 14.8 -1.4319915631565e+21 | ||
- | 15 -1.1675595673302e+21 | ||
- | 15.2 -9.3775018197209e+20 | ||
- | 15.4 -7.3490990287716e+20 | ||
- | 15.6 -5.4828632294183e+20 | ||
- | 15.8 -3.3705437988418e+20 | ||
- | 16 -2.2494468134638e+20 | ||
- | 16.2 -1.9511887096407e+20 | ||
- | 16.4 -1.6922580071961e+20 | ||
- | 16.6 -1.4674945790594e+20 | ||
- | 16.8 -1.2724118730874e+20 | ||
- | 17 -1.1031095501032e+20 | ||
- | 17.2 -9.5619734116421e+19 | ||
- | 17.4 -8.2872870893054e+19 | ||
- | 17.6 -7.1814306999274e+19 | ||
- | 17.8 -6.2221548785622e+19 | ||
- | 18 -5.3901288159467e+19 | ||
- | 18.2 -4.6685591463842e+19 | ||
- | 18.4 -4.0428583335376e+19 | ||
- | 18.6 -3.5003561751546e+19 | ||
- | 18.8 -3.0300488588568e+19 | ||
- | 19 -2.6223807117976e+19 | ||
- | 19.2 -2.2690544089663e+19 | ||
- | 19.4 -1.9628659487142e+19 | ||
- | 19.6 -1.6961955102625e+19 | ||
- | 19.8 -1.4656114287649e+19 | ||
- | 20 -1.2658397369305e+19 | ||
- | 20.2 -1.0927282739712e+19 | ||
- | 20.4 -9.427031756854e+18 | ||
- | 20.6 -8.1267083787815e+18 | ||
- | 20.8 -6.9994908302834e+18 | ||
- | 21 -6.0221157590868e+18 | ||
- | 21.2 -5.1744001865334e+18 | ||
- | 21.4 -4.4388309649028e+18 | ||
- | 21.6 -3.8002096783317e+18 | ||
- | 21.8 -3.2453448999777e+18 | ||
- | 22 -2.7627852351459e+18 | ||
- | 22.2 -2.3425876263364e+18 | ||
- | 22.4 -1.9761162018976e+18 | ||
- | 22.6 -1.6558676068944e+18 | ||
- | 22.8 -1.3753193061654e+18 | ||
- | 23 -1.1287978193544e+18 | ||
- | 23.2 -9.113642512659e+17 | ||
- | 23.4 -7.1871482913277e+17 | ||
- | 23.6 -5.4709445964235e+17 | ||
- | 23.8 -3.9322157958407e+17 | ||
- | 24 -2.5422280031622e+17 | ||
- | 24.2 -1.2757604260063e+17 | ||
- | 24.4 -1.1061028709922e+16 | ||
- | 24.6 9.7283853509352e+16 | ||
- | 24.8 1.9919917181501e+17 | ||
- | 25 2.9623730223796e+17 | ||
- | 25.2 3.8979116362588e+17 | ||
- | 25.4 4.8111940197526e+17 | ||
- | 25.6 5.7136852213701e+17 | ||
- | 25.8 6.6159240563072e+17 | ||
- | 26 7.5276960619019e+17 | ||
- | 26.2 8.4581878128761e+17 | ||
- | 26.4 9.4161260395087e+17 | ||
- | 26.6 1.0409905192217e+18 | ||
- | 26.8 1.144770801328e+18 | ||
- | 27 1.2537626372951e+18 | ||
- | 27.2 1.3687797494775e+18 | ||
- | 27.4 1.4906596701e+18 | ||
- | 27.6 1.6203036970485e+18 | ||
- | 27.8 1.7588245451379e+18 | ||
- | 28 1.9097926805291e+18 | ||
- | 28.2 2.0636970928785e+18 | ||
- | 28.4 2.2290417373803e+18 | ||
- | 28.6 2.4067177327278e+18 | ||
- | 28.8 2.5976767637574e+18 | ||
- | 29 2.8029360983978e+18 | ||
- | 29.2 3.0235838842453e+18 | ||
- | 29.4 3.2607847549977e+18 | ||
- | 29.6 3.5157857777756e+18 | ||
- | 29.8 3.7899227733835e+18 | ||
- | 30 4.0846270428074e+18 | ||
- | 30.2 4.4014325347038e+18 | ||
- | 30.4 4.7419834903108e+18 | ||
- | 30.6 5.108042604099e+18 | ||
- | 30.8 5.5014997405852e+18 | ||
- | 31 5.9243812500567e+18 | ||
- | 31.2 6.3788599285036e+18 | ||
- | 31.4 6.8672656698409e+18 | ||
- | 31.6 7.3920968615231e+18 | ||
- | 31.8 7.9560325779303e+18 | ||
- | 32 8.5619456294403e+18 | ||
- | 32.2 9.2129165289105e+18 | ||
- | 32.4 9.9122484413969e+18 | ||
- | 32.6 1.0663483187338e+19 | ||
- | 32.8 1.1470418374159e+19 | ||
- | 33 1.2337125736316e+19 | ||
- | 33.2 1.3267970769228e+19 | ||
- | 33.4 1.4267633748348e+19 | ||
- | 33.6 1.5341132230841e+19 | ||
- | 33.8 1.6493845143954e+19 | ||
- | 34 1.7731538571306e+19 | ||
- | 34.2 2.6102791190001e+19 | ||
- | 34.4 3.3680495518877e+19 | ||
- | 34.6 4.024204778331e+19 | ||
- | 34.8 4.6696724981377e+19 | ||
- | 35 5.33136060908e+19 | ||
- | 35.2 6.0229591063294e+19 | ||
- | 35.4 6.7535868495545e+19 | ||
- | 35.6 7.5304381313219e+19 | ||
- | 35.8 8.3598455211246e+19 | ||
- | 36 9.2477871435918e+19 | ||
- | 36.2 1.0200162143131e+20 | ||
- | 36.4 1.1222957371972e+20 | ||
- | 36.6 1.2322358640242e+20 | ||
- | 36.8 1.3504832055503e+20 | ||
- | 37 1.4777188663989e+20 | ||
- | 37.2 1.6146639690226e+20 | ||
- | 37.4 1.7620846638476e+20 | ||
- | 37.6 1.9207968878743e+20 | ||
- | 37.8 2.0916710412647e+20 | ||
- | 38 2.2756366970928e+20 | ||
- | 38.2 2.4736874266337e+20 | ||
- | 38.4 2.6868858023301e+20 | ||
- | 38.6 2.9163686279086e+20 | ||
- | 38.8 3.1633524371456e+20 | ||
- | 39 3.4291392978122e+20 | ||
- | 39.2 3.7151229543081e+20 | ||
- | 39.4 4.0227953407972e+20 | ||
- | 39.6 4.353753495855e+20 | ||
- | 39.8 4.7097069094669e+20 | ||
- | 40 5.0924853334973e+20 | ||
- | 40.2 5.5040470873577e+20 | ||
- | 40.4 5.9464878914527e+20 | ||
- | 40.6 6.422050262013e+20 | ||
- | 40.8 6.9331335020914e+20 | ||
- | 41 7.4823043247572e+20 | ||
- | 41.2 8.072308145859e+20 | ||
- | 41.4 8.7060810850942e+20 | ||
- | 41.6 9.3867627155149e+20 | ||
- | 41.8 1.0117709602979e+21 | ||
- | 42 1.090250967841e+21 | ||
- | 42.2 1.1744997487008e+21 | ||
- | 42.4 1.2649270359773e+21 | ||
- | 42.6 1.3619705553773e+21 | ||
- | 42.8 1.4660978408522e+21 | ||
- | 43 1.5778081566558e+21 | ||
- | 43.2 1.6976345306828e+21 | ||
- | 43.4 1.8261459039646e+21 | ||
- | 43.6 1.9639494011887e+21 | ||
- | 43.8 2.1116927270492e+21 | ||
- | 44 2.2700666931334e+21 | ||
- | 44.2 2.4398078798886e+21 | ||
- | 44.4 2.6217014379889e+21 | ||
- | 44.6 2.8165840331219e+21 | ||
- | 44.8 3.0253469378291e+21 | ||
- | 45 3.2489392735562e+21 | ||
- | 45.2 3.4883714054732e+21 | ||
- | 45.4 3.7447184919127e+21 | ||
- | 45.6 4.0191241894243e+21 | ||
- | 45.8 4.3128045134315e+21 | ||
- | 46 4.627051853305e+21 | ||
- | 46.2 4.9632391393008e+21 | ||
- | 46.4 5.3228241572359e+21 | ||
- | 46.6 5.7073540049833e+21 | ||
- | 46.8 6.1184696828197e+21 | ||
- | 47 6.5579108073587e+21 | ||
- | 47.2 7.0275204362099e+21 | ||
- | 47.4 7.5292499876199e+21 | ||
- | 47.6 8.0651642361429e+21 | ||
- | 47.8 8.6374463618553e+21 | ||
- | 48 9.2484030267551e+21 | ||
- | 48.2 9.900469447759e+21 | ||
- | 48.4 1.0596214431143e+22 | ||
- | 48.6 1.1338345328351e+22 | ||
- | 48.8 1.2129712867856e+22 | ||
- | 49 1.2973315812189e+22 | ||
- | 49.2 1.3872305383423e+22 | ||
- | 49.4 1.4829989394338e+22 | ||
- | 49.6 1.5849836016214e+22 | ||
- | 49.8 1.6935477107901e+22 | ||
- | 50 9.0503277327804e+21 | ||
- | 50.2 0 | ||
- | 50.4 0 | ||
- | 50.6 0 | ||
- | 50.8 0 | ||
- | 51 0 | ||
- | 51.2 0 | ||
- | 51.4 0 | ||
- | 51.6 0 | ||
- | 51.8 0 | ||
- | 52 0 | ||
- | 52.2 0 | ||
- | 52.4 0 | ||
- | 52.6 0 | ||
- | 52.8 0 | ||
- | 53 0 | ||
- | 53.2 0 | ||
- | 53.4 0 | ||
- | 53.6 0 | ||
- | 53.8 0 | ||
- | 54 0 | ||
- | 54.2 0 | ||
- | 54.4 0 | ||
- | 54.6 0 | ||
- | 54.8 0 | ||
- | 55 0 | ||
- | 55.2 0 | ||
- | 55.4 0 | ||
- | 55.6 0 | ||
- | 55.8 0 | ||
- | 56 0 | ||
- | 56.2 0 | ||
- | 56.4 0 | ||
- | 56.6 0 | ||
- | 56.8 0 | ||
- | 57 0 | ||
- | 57.2 0 | ||
- | 57.4 0 | ||
- | 57.6 0 | ||
- | 57.8 0 | ||
- | 58 0 | ||
- | 58.2 0 | ||
- | 58.4 0 | ||
- | 58.6 0 | ||
- | 58.8 0 | ||
- | 59 0 | ||
- | 59.2 0 | ||
- | 59.4 0 | ||
- | 59.6 0 | ||
- | 59.8 0 | ||
- | 60 0 | ||
- | 60.2 0 | ||
- | 60.4 0 | ||
- | 60.6 0 | ||
- | 60.8 0 | ||
- | 61 0 | ||
- | 61.2 0 | ||
- | 61.4 0 | ||
- | 61.6 0 | ||
- | 61.8 0 | ||
- | 62 0 | ||
- | 62.2 0 | ||
- | 62.4 0 | ||
- | 62.6 0 | ||
- | 62.8 0 | ||
- | 63 0 | ||
- | 63.2 0 | ||
- | 63.4 0 | ||
- | 63.6 0 | ||
- | 63.8 0 | ||
- | 64 0 | ||
- | 64.2 0 | ||
- | 64.4 0 | ||
- | 64.6 0 | ||
- | 64.8 0 | ||
- | 65 0 | ||
- | 65.2 0 | ||
- | 65.4 0 | ||
- | 65.6 0 | ||
- | 65.8 0 | ||
- | 66 0 | ||
- | 66.2 0 | ||
- | 66.4 0 | ||
- | 66.6 0 | ||
- | 66.8 0 | ||
- | 67 0 | ||
- | 67.2 0 | ||
- | 67.4 0 | ||
- | 67.6 0 | ||
- | 67.8 0 | ||
- | 68 0 | ||
- | 68.2 0 | ||
- | 68.4 0 | ||
- | 68.6 0 | ||
- | 68.8 0 | ||
- | 69 0 | ||
- | 69.2 0 | ||
- | 69.4 0 | ||
- | 69.6 0 | ||
- | 69.8 0 | ||
- | 70 0 | ||
- | 75 0 | ||
- | 80 0 | ||
- | 85 0 | ||
- | 90 0 | ||
- | |||
- | </dataplot> | ||
- | |||
- | ;#; | ||
- | <caption>Conduction band edge at a bias of 54 mV/period which corresponds to an electric field of 12.3 kV/cm</caption> | ||
- | |||
- | </figure> | ||
- | |||
- | == Doping == | ||
- | //(Discuss the doping here.)// | ||
- | |||
- | == Electric field == | ||
- | //(Discuss the potential drop per period here.)// | ||
- | |||
- | == Material parameters == | ||
- | //(Discuss chosen masses and band offsets.)// | ||
- | |||
- | <code> | ||
- | <Material_Parameters> | ||
- | <Band_Offset unit="meV"> 120 </Band_Offset> | ||
- | <Effective_Mass_Well unit="m0" > 0 </Effective_Mass_Well> | ||
- | <Effective_Mass_Barrier unit="m0" > 0 </Effective_Mass_Barrier> | ||
- | </Material_Parameters> | ||
- | </code> | ||
- | |||
- | |||
- | == Gain == | ||
- | |||
- | //(Plot and discuss gain results.)// | ||